Thorium is the most energy-dense substance on Earth, and enough exists to power civilization for millennia.
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The generation and use of energy is central to the maintenance of organization. Life itself is a state of organization maintained by the continual use of sources of energy. Human civilization has reached the state it has by the widespread use of energy, and for the large fraction of the world that aspires to a higher standard of living, more energy will be required for them to achieve it.
Among the scores of potential ways to produce energy from nuclear material, only a handful have been developed for commercial power generation. All of the current commercial nuclear technologies depend primarily on uranium-235 or the resulting reprocessed plutonium as their fuel. There is, however, another feasible nuclear fuel that has been studied in prototype reactors but never used commercially: uranium-233 (U233), which is derived from naturally occurring thorium.
Thorium (Th) is a fairly common metal in the Earth's crust (four times as common as uranium), is only slightly radioactive, exists naturally only in one isotopic form (Th232), and cannot be formed into a critical mass (i.e., any amount of thorium metal can be stored without fear of a spontaneous nuclear reaction). Thorium can be transformed via neutron capture and natural decay into U233, which can then undergo fission to provide heat in a nuclear reactor but does not provide suitable weapons material.
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